α
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䴺
Ѹ
Ŀ´Ƽ
û
ⱸû
ü
ġ
ȸ
ȭ/Ȱ
/
IT/
ι
ҽ
츮
ü
å
߰
Խ
õ
뱸
λ
Ź
û
ֵ
ؿ
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ȸ
ȭ/Ȱ
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IT/
ι
ҽ
츮
ü
å
߰
Խ
ȭǵ
ġ
ȸ
ȭ/Ȱ
/
IT/
ι
ҽ
츮
ü
å
߰
Խ
Ѹ
ȱ
Ŀ´Ƽ
Խ
ȸ
ȸ Խ
ȸ ڷ
ȸ
ȸ Խ
α
ȸ
α
̵/ йȣ ã
ȸ
Ŀ´Ƽ
Խ
Խ
ȸ ڷ
ȸ
ȸ
Խ
ȸ Խ
ȸ Խ
Խ
: 뱹 õ ܴϸ İ Żϴ O (뱹)
ۼ:
̵
ȸ:
21
:
2024-02-28
(뱹) 鸸 ι ()
(ٻ ϼõ)
뱹 õ ܴϸ İ Żϴ O
(뱹) ǻ Ŀ ̿ Ⱑ ķ ο
츮 .... 츮 å ǰ ֽϴ
ϱ() (߸ȭȣ) (())
1920.07.04 Ϻ1 ȸ(ؽƮ)
(λ) () () () () ϰ (óó) () () (Ȱ) ()... (뱹) () (Կ) (...
߾() κ() (뼭) () (())
1921.02.18 Ϻ 1 Ȱ/ȭ(ȹ/)
(Ȱ)̴١ () ҭ() () () (ǵ) ()Ͽ () () (ǵ) ֫() ... (â) ǰ Ͼ (뱹â) (ټ) ...
٤(뱹) (γ) (())
1921.07.06 Ϻ 1 ȸ(ȹ/)
٤(뱹) () (γ) (()) (),٤() () ̸߾(ܰ) ϰ(ⱸ) ̱(߷) ()... () () () Դ(ֹ)...
(뱹)
1921.07.28 Ϻ 2 ġ()
(뱹) ߲ؿ(鸸ι) () (뼭) Ҵ()ު() () ӹ()() () ()ġ ()̶ Φ̭Ѧμ(鸲...
ӭ (ƴ)
1921.07.30 Ϻ1 ȸ()
() () (뱹) () ٣(ϸ) () ()ϰ (ҿ) (̱) ܻ() ؿ(ʸó) п() () 產()ڷ()...
(ٻϼõ)
1921.08.02 Ϻ 2 ġ()
(ٻϼõ) (뱹) () () (ͽ)Ͼ (ϻڼõ) ߩ()Ѵٴ (())
(뱹)
1921.08.02 Ϻ2 ġ()
(뱹) (뱹) () () (ͽ)ϰԵǾ(ϻ) (õ)̳ ȴٴ(ذݤ())
(뱹) ؿ٣(õ) ()
1921.08.03 Ϻ 3 ȸ()
ؿ٣(뱹õ) () ܴϸ İ Żϴ O ƶ 々 Ͼ ̷ 줡 Ͼ ν 々Ѵ õ ι ɡ...
ƮŰ() (ȣ)
1921.08.05 Ϻ 2 ġ()
"ƮŰ"()(ȣ) "ƮŰ"() (뱹) () ϭ()ϱ()Ͼ ϱ() () Ѵ ٥()Ͼ((鸲))
Ű ϱ ٥(뱸Z)
1921.08.05 Ϻ 2 ġ()
Ű ϱ(뱸) ٥() Ű() (뱹) ()()ϭ()ϱ()Ͼ ϱ() ()ϰٵ ٥()Ͼ ((鸲))
ϭ (ȸ)
1921.08.06 Ϻ 2 ġ()
ϭ(ȸ) ()(뱹)ϭ(ٱ)()Ͼϭ(ȸ)()Ͼ(߲ۡ(Ϲ))
Լ (Ϸαٿ)
1921.08.07 Ϻ 2 ġ()
Լ(Ϸαٿ) Լݤ() () () (뱹) ϭ()ϴ ۰(ħ) ()Ͼ´ (ķǰ) ()ϴ () (ٷ) (Ǿ) ݾ(...
() () ()
1921.08.08 Ϻ 2 ȸ()
()()() (뱹)κ ҭ() ӨԳ() () Ү() () п(ص)ӹ()Ͼ Դ(̳) (ֹ) ...
(빮) Լʫ(ġ)
1921.08.08 Ϻ 2 ġ()
۰(ħ)̶ (())(뱹) () ()Ͼߴ "() () Լ(̹) μ()() ()Ͼ () ()ϰ (ϵ) ӫ()()...
ͣ٤() ()
1921.08.10 Ϻ 2 ġ()
"ͣ٤() ()" 况(ٻȲ) "ƮŰ" (ȣ) (ֱٷα) () (ǿ)... () Ѣ(Ȯ) (Ķ) "ŴϾ" ()...
(ְȸ) ǡ (ֹŸ)
1921.08.10 Ϻ 2 ġ()
()(뱹)"Ŀī"۰()()(ǿ)()Ͼ()()ؿ(õ) ӹ()Ͼ ()ϴ ڷ(̱)"ī"()̺(...
ӭ(ƴ)
1921.08.12Ϻ1ȸ()
(빮) (뱹) () (λ) Ѧ() (ĸ) ٤() ɷŰ (ұ) () Φ() () () (Ʊ)...
ϭ(ٱ) ()
1921.08.12 Ϻ2 ġ()
() ϭ(ٱ) () (Ƿ) ݾ(ο)Ͼ´ () Լء()Ͼ Ү() ()Ͼ (뱹) ߤ(ľǾ) ()ϰ ݤ()...
ϭ (ܻ¼)
1921.08.13 Ϻ 2 ġ()
ϭ(ܻ¼) (ܻ)ī () ߾(ְȸǼ) ϭ(뱹ٱ) ʾ() () ()ϰ ֪() ()ϭ...
ϭ(ٱ¼)
1921.08.13 Ϻ 2 ġ()
ϭ(ٱ¼) (ܻ)"Ŀ"() () ߾(ȸǼ) ϭ(뱹ٱ) ʾ()() ()ϰ ֪() ()ϭ...
֤ϭ (ٿձ)
1921.08.14 Ϻ2ġ()
֤ϭ(ٿձ) ݤڷ(δ̱) ڷ(̱)ϭ(뱹ٱ)μ()Ͼ ݤ(ұ)()()Ͼڷʥ(ƹ̸)ϭ(...
(ְû)
1921.08.15 Ϻ 2 ġ()
(ùó), (뱹ٹ), ԼܲѢ决(ö) (ߴ) (Ȱ)̶ "Ƿþ"() (ȸְﳭ) ...
ϭ(ι) (ܻ)
1921.08.16 Ϻ 2 ġ()
ϭ(ι) (ܻ) ֤(ձְȸ) ϭ(뱹ٱ) μ()Ͼ (ʿ) ۰() ()Ͼ (ܻ) ī() ...
ӭ (ƴ)
1921.08.20 Ϻ 1 ȸ()
() () ()ϴ (뱹) ڷ(̱) ()Ͼ ܬ() (ȸ) () ͪ畫(ȹ) (ȭ) (ȸ) () (ǵ)...
() ϭ(ٱ)
1921.08.23 Ϻ 2 ȸ()
(ķǰ)(뱹) ()Ͼ ۰() (ι) ()ϱ ڷ() () ()ι () (뱹) ()...
(α)
1921.08.26 Ϻ2 ġ()
(α) ڷ(̱)"Ĺ"() ϭ(ٱ)μ()Ͼ (뱹) ݹ()ϸ () ()Ͼ(廿߲ۡ(ȭԻϹ))
ػ ݻ (ֹϺر)
1921.08.26 Ϻ 2 ȸ()
ػݻ(ֹϺر) () ϭ(ٱ) ݤ() (ķ) (ġ) (ϳ) () Ͼ߱ ݤ(ϰ)...
ϭ(ٱü) Ҿݤ() (Ȱ)
1921.08.26 Ϻ 2 ġ()
ϭ(ٱü) Ҿݤ()(Ȱ) ͯڱ()() (뱹) () ()()ϰŴϿ "ī"(Ϲ) "縶","Ǫ"(...
μ(뱹) ڱ̸() ()
1921.08.27 Ϻ 2 ġ()
() (ֽ) () "Ʈ" Ҵ() ٻ(θ) () ۡ()Ͼ Բ(嵵) () () ި()ϰ (̽ʻ...
μ(뱹) Ҿ() ޫ̬()
1921.09.03 Ϻ2 ġ()
(ݹ) () Ҿ(뱹) ()Ͼ () ̪() ʥ()Ű()Ͼ (ұź) (ұ) ()ϰѴ ()Ͼ "˸Ͼ" (...
() (簳)
1921.09.03 Ϻ2 ġ()
() (簳) ()"ŸӾ" ذΡ(Ư) () (뱹) () ۰() 既() ҴѢ(۳⵿) (ķ) (...
μ(뱹) ϭڷ 噸(ٱ)
1921.09.05 Ϻ2 ġ()
() () μ() () ϭڷ噸(ٱ) ڷ(̱)κ () ϭ(뱹) ڷ(̱ķ) (뼭) ()Ͼ´ (ϼ) ڷ噸(...
ޫѦ߾() () (뱹) (ǻ)
1921.09.05 Ϻ 3 ġ()
ޫѦ߾() () (뱹) (ǻ) Ŀ ̿ Ⱑ ķο е(()) Ź翡Ŵ α ٽǼ((ٽǻ)) һϱ Ͼ ƯĿ...
μ(뱹) Φ(ݰĿ)
1921.09.07 Ϻ2ġ()
() () μ() () Φ(ݰĿ) Φ()"īǪ"()(ְ)Ͼ(Ÿ)ުΦ̭(ĺ)ν()֤ϭ(ձȸ)(...
μ(뱹) ϭ(ٽľ)
1921.09.08 Ϻ2 ġ()
() () μ() () ϭ(ٽľ) ؿ(ϸκ)(ķ)(ϴ)κ ۰(뱹)()Ǿ´()(̿) ...
䡻 ֤(ſձ)
1921.09.08 Ϻ2 ġ()
(ŵ)ϰ(쾾) () () ()Ͼ () ݣ() () (뱹) ()ġϰ ӣ() () ި()һ̶ (뱹) Լ() ()...
(뱹)
1921.09.13 Ϻ1 ()
(뱹) ۰()(Ȳ) ()Ϣ(α̵) (뼭) 產ڪ(깰) 產(۱) 頽Ү(𱹳) 絕() (...
(뱹ε)
1921.09.15 Ϻ2 ġ()
(뱹ε) Ҿ働决(뵿մȸ) Ҿ働(뵿մȸ)() Ӽ() () ()()ϴ...
ϭ(αȸ)
1921.09.21 Ϻ2 ġ()
ϭ(αȸ) (ְȸ)ϭ(뱹ٱ)(ʿ)"Ѷ" (ȸ)()ϰڷԼ(̵籹)()(뱹)...
Үܱ(ܺź)
1921.09.21 Ϻ1 ġ()
Ү併(ܺź) ϱ() (â)̶Σ(ڰ)ϴ(뱹)()()(ͽ)Ͼ(λ)м()(Ͽ)ϴ(糭) () ...
ӭ(ƴ)
1921.09.25 Ϻ1 ȸ()
() ϭ(뱹ٱ) ()δ Գڸ(ε̰)ε Ү(⳻) (Ⱬ) () (ɴ) (̱) (Żä輱) () ֤...
ϭ(ٱ)(뱹)
1921.09.27 Ϻ2 ġ()
ϭ(ٱ) (뱹) (뱹)()查(籹) (뱹Ա) ()ϴ () ()Ͼ () ()ϭ()ϴ (...
Ү併(ܺź)
1921.09.29 Ϻ1 ġ()
() ϭ(뱹ٱ) ()Ѵٴ (뱹) (ϰ) ة() (氣) ޫ() (ϼ) () ޫ(ᰣ...
٥Ҵ()()
1921.09.29 Ϻ2 ġ()
٥Ҵ() () (뱹) () ()Ͼ ҭҴ() ʦ() () ()ϸ ϭ(ٱ) Ө(ܾ)Ͼ (ذ...
(ĸְȸ) () μ()
1921.09.29 Ϻ1 ġ()
()(뱹) ϭ() ()Ͼ ڦʫ(¸) (ǥ) ̿() ()ϴ ()() ͣ(...
ӭ(ƴ)
1921.09.30 Ϻ1 ȸ()
(ϱ) (뱹) () ()() п() ӹ() ٥Ҵ(߸õ) 絕()Ǿ () ֤() ()ϭ(...
ӭ(ƴ)
1921.10.04 Ϻ1 ȸ()
() (뱹) ϭ(ٱ) () ()々ڤ()֤̿() () (ϰ) () ()һ () (ź) ...
ӭ(ƴ)
1921.10.06 Ϻ1 ȸ()
(ŵ)靳(Ѹ) ʥ()Ͼ (õȸ) () ͪ畫(ȭ)ܫ() ()Ѱ (뱹) () () ͩ()ϴϭ(ȸ)...
ݤϭ (γٱ)
1921.10.07 Ϻ2 ġ()
ݤϭ(γٱ) ؿ۶ʤ̫(ǰ̽ʸ氡) ݤ() (ǰóб) η() (ǰ),ʤؿ۶(...
ϭ决(ٱ)
1921.10.10 Ϻ2 ġ()
ϭ决(ٱ) ֤(ȸ) ϭ(뱹ٱ) μ() ֤ (ȸȸ) Ρ(аȸ) ()ϰ (...
ӭ(ƴ)
1921.10.11 Ϻ1 ȸ()
() () ӭ() () (ھ) ڸ٣(̸) ϭ(뱹ٱ) (â)ϰ Ү() (ô) (ä) () () (ƻ) ...
ϭ决(ΰǻ簳)
1921.10.13 Ϻ2 ġ()
ϭ决(ΰǻ簳) Գ߾ (ε) (߿)Ͼ (ĥ) "Ѷ" () ϭ(뱹ٱȸ) ݤ(...
(뱹) ɰ
1921.10.14 Ϻ1 ġ(缳)
(뱹) ɰ (ǽ)() ° (ȥ)()λ° ۰(Ϲ) () (뼭) (ȫ) ()() (...
ϭ(뱹)(ҹȣ)
1921.11.14Ϻ2ġ()
ϭ(뱹) (ҹȣ) "뺧"() () (ұȣ)"ƴƮ,"() ߲ؿ(ʸ) ϭ(뱹ٱ) ݾ()ϱ 决()...
ݤ(ȭȸ)()Ͼ(())
1921.11.16Ϻ1ġ(ȹ/)
() (뱹) 噬(ź) () () (ȸ) ()ϴ ()̴ () () 即() ¥Ǫ() Ҵ(ʳⰣ) (⿹)...
ϭ(뱹ٱ)
1921.11.27 Ϻ1 ȸ()
ϭ(뱹ٱ) (뱹) ()Ͼ Գ߾(ε)ϭ()ġġѴ () () () ͣ() (Ƿ)̵ǝ (...
)
ڷ(),ϭ决(ٱ)
1921.12.23 Ϻ2 ġ()
ڷ(),ϭ决(ٱ) ڷ(̱ǿ) (뱹) () ϭ()Ű ()Ͼ () "ϊ"() ؿ(õ)() () Φ(...
ӭ(ƴ)
1921.12.23 Ϻ1 ȸ()
()ΰ (뱹) ϭ(ٱ) ()Ͼ ڷ(̱) ؿ(õ) ̽ Գ(ε) ()Ͼ ۡ(й) () (ȣ) ֤ݤ(...
(뱹)Ҿݤ() ()()()ϴٰ
1921.12.23 Ϻ2 ġ()
(뱹) Ҿݤ() () () ()ϴٰ "ũ"() ٥() (뱹) ()Ͼ Ҵҭ (ݳ̷) () (...
(뼭Ʊٹ) ()Ͼ (())
1921.12.30 Ϻ1 ȸ(ؽƮ)
(ȸ뼭) () ̽() ٤() ҭ(緡) () () ̶ (뱹ô) () Ү() ̿() (ó) () (Ȳ)...
ӭ(ƴ)
1922.01.13 Ϻ1 ȸ()
() () ӭ() () () (뱹) ͯ() () ̿(ü)Ͼϴ Φ̭() () ͳ() ٥() () Ү(...
̸ڤ(ɰ߹) (())
1922.01.22 Ϻ1 Ȱ/ȭ(ؽƮ)
̸ڤ(ɰ߹)(()) () () (),(뱹)() (뱹) ͣ() ٣ڪ() Ǿ泪̴ () () (뼭) ҭ(...
1922.3. ũٿ Ȱ
[ ..... 츮 .... 츮 å ǰ ֽϴ. ...... ]
[ ...... Ƽ 3,000 ..... ϱ ؼ 500 ҺƮ ̻ ־ ........
...... Ѹ ᰡ ̰ ͼ ڹ īŸ߸ (ߣ)̶ Ϻΰ ........ ]
ѹαӽڷ 43 43 1920 142. (E) Ȱ ӽ
142. (E) Ȱ ӽ
...............................................................
߽ţ
...............................................................................
츮 Ͽ Ǹ ̶ ϰ ֽϴ. ο Ǹ, Ǹ Ǵ ŵǾ߸ , Ǵ ϰ Կ ־ ̵ ϴ ʼԴϴ. , ߴ Ǯ ϰ Դϴ.
.....................................................................................................................................
̰ ġ Ȳ ؼ ۷ ǥϰ ʽϴ. Ϲ ڸ, ѿ η Դϴ. ϲ ٿ ݴ Ƶδٸ, ϴ Ȯ Դϴ.
츮 ϰ ϴ Ƽ 3,000 ̶ Դϴ. ⼭ ϱ ؼ 500 ҺƮ ̻ ־ մϴ. 츮 ũٿ ְ ֻ ֵǰ 500 ̻ ϴ. Ȥ Ȳ ִ Ȱϰ Դ 츮 å ǰ ֽϴ. ε ķ ƴٴѴٰ Ǵ ġ Դϴ.
Ѹ ᰡ ̰ ͼ ڹ īŸ߸ (ߣ)̶ Ϻΰ ϰ, װ ѱ ȹ Ͽ ϴ. ɵ Ȯϸ, 콺ν Դϴ. â Ŀٶ ϰ ֽϴ.
......................................................................................................................................
1922 3 22 ž (Ȱ)
*
1921 ҷ
[ ..... The results were catastrophic. Industrial production by 1920 was 20 percent of the pre-war volume. Gross agricultural output fell from more than 69 million tons in the period 1909-1913 to less than 31 million in 1921. ........ ]
War Communism to NEP
The Road from Serfdom
by Sheldon L. Richman
Department of History, George Mason University
The collapse of the productive forces surpassed anything of the kind that history had ever seen. The country, and the government with it, were at the very edge of the abyss.
Leon Trotsky on war communism'
Introduction
In March 1921, V. I. Lenin, ruler of revolutionary Russia, stood before the
Tenth Congress of the Bolshevik Party and dramatically admitted that something had gone awry with the Revolution. The new policy he unveiled that day admitted not only that the Bolsheviks had failed to ignite a worldwide socialist takeover, but that the revolution they did ignite had brought
Russia to the very edge of the abyss.
Four and a half years of war communism-the attempted instantaneous obliteration of the market economy-had brought only starvation,
death, and destruction. The Bolshevik hold on the nation was tenuous.
Something drastic had to be done. What Lenin chose to do is a fascinating and instructive historical episode.
War Communism
The period from 1918 to 1921-the period of war communism-may be described as a leap into socialism. Whereas Marx had predicted that capitalism would mature into a proletarian revolt and then a socialist dictatorship,
the architects of the new Russia sought to skip key Marxian historical steps and proceed directly to the workers' state. To do this Lenin had to depart radically from orthodox Marxist strategy.
Lenin had originally accepted Plekhanov's deterministic interpretation of classical Marxism.. ..But by 1900, Lenin recognized that the working class movement, isolated from the leadership of revolutionary
Marxists. would be irredeemablv wtit bourneois. Bv the end of 1901 Lcnin in;isted that a revolutio required th; interce&on of a critical revolutionary elite. . . Nowhere did classical Marxism explicitly entertain the conviction that a revolutionary party and a revolutionary leadership was either the necessary or sufficient condition of the revolution.1
If the small Russian proletariat and a large number of peasantry were not ready to inaugurate socialism spontaneously (as envisioned by Marx), then Lenin and his professional cadre would do it for them. The result was war communism.
Much has been said about this period, but perhaps the most succinct description of its meaning was provided by economist Jack Hirshleifer. He called war communism the most extreme effort in modern times to do
away with the system of private property and voluntary exchange. In the eyes of the Bolsheviks the market was the most bourgeois institution and therefore most deserving of immediate destruction. As leading Bolshevik
theoretician Nikolai Bukharin wrote in The ABC of Communism, We see, therefore, that the primary characteristic of the capitalist system is a commodity economy; that is, an economy which produces for the market.3 In
another book, The Economics of the Transition Period, Bukharin elaborated Indeed, as soon as we deal with an organized national economy, all the basic 'problems' of political economy, such as price, value, profit, etc.,
simply disappear.'
In one fell swoop the market was declared illegal. Private trade, the hiring of labor, leasing of land, and all private enterprise and ownership were abolished, at least in theory, and subject to punishment by the state.
Property was confiscated from the upper classes. Businesses and factories were nationalized. Surplus crops produced by the peasants were taken by the government to support the Bolshevik civil-war forces and workers in the towns. Labor was conscripted and organized militarily. Consumer goods
were rationed at artificially low prices and later at no price at all.
Unsurprisingly, special treatment was accorded those with power and influence.
The results were catastrophic. Industrial production by 1920 was 20 percent of the pre-war volume. Gross agricultural output fell from more than 69 million tons in the period 1909-1913 to less than 31 million in 1921. Sown area dropped from over 224 million acres in the period 1909-1913 to less than 158 million in 1921. From 1917 to 1922 the population declined by 16 million, not counting war deaths and emigration. Eight million persons left the towns for the villages from 1918 to 1920. In Moscow and Petrograd, the population declined 58.2 percent.'
With industrial production at a near standstill, the towns had little to trade with the peasants for food. With no incentive for the peasants to produce a food surplus, the government turned to confiscation, which further discouraged agricultural production. The peasants resisted the harsh government measures.
The peasant was required to deliver everything in excess of his own and
his family's needs. Naked requisition from so-called kulaks [the more prosperous peasantry] of arbitrarily determined surpluses provoked the two traditional replies of the peasant the short-term reply of concealment of stacks and the long-term reply of refusal to sow more land than was necessary to feed his om family.6
While the Bolshevik assault on the market economy was comprehensive and brutal, it would be a mistake to think it was fully successful. The market impulse dies hard and there was an extensive black market for consumer goods. It has been suggested that the black market and pre-war production
are what carried the Russians through the civil war and delayed the total collapse.
In 1920, the Reds faced an internal situation verging on catastrophe.
Hunger and disease were widespread, and industry and trade were at a virtual standstill.7
The attempt to run an entire economy like an army, extending to the requisition of crops. the conscription of labor. and the abandonment of miney accounts failed utterly.8
What went wrong? One of the architects of war communism, Leon Trotsky, later provided a candid answer :
The Soviet eovernment hooed and strove to develoo these methods of regimentation directly into; system of planned economy in distribution as well as oroduction. In other words. from war commu~sm it hooed
gradually,- but without destroying the system, to arrive at a genuine communism.. ..Reality however came into increasing conflict with the program of war communism.9
Trotsky's blunt admission is highly accurate. Several aspects of reality stood in the Bolsheviks' way. It was at best naive for them to think the peasants would go on producing under these circumstances. (Indeed, tax rebellion is one of the oldest human endeavors.) Furthermore, as paradoxical as it may seem, a centrally directed economy is the least fit for organizing production.
In other words, the planned economy cannot plan.
This was the insight of Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises in his pioneering work of the 1920's. Mises showed that without free exchange in capital and consumer goods, there is no market; that without a market there are no prices; and that without prices there can be no economic calculation.
Socialism must bring economic chaos because it cannot rationally calculate costs and income and thereby plan productive activities. Mises wrote
Without calculation, economic activity is impossible. Since under Socialism economic calculation is impossible, under Socialism there can be no economic activity in our sense of the word.. ..All economic
change, therefore, would involve operations the value of which could neither he predicted beforehand nor ascertained after they had taken place. Everything would be a leap in the dark. Socialism is the renunciation of rational economy.'10
.....................................................................................................................................
The Journol qLibert(~rimSludier. Vol. V, No. 1 (Winter 1981)
1923.3. ̽¸ δ()
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Է 2023.06.08
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̽¸ ڽ Ͽ̿ ϴ δ()̶ ߴ(1923 3ȣ). ô ҷ Ǿй ñ⿴. , ε鵵 Ƶ̸, ҷ ϰ ־. ̷ Ȳ ̽¸ ̴. ״ , ϴ ź ڸ ں-뵿 ΰ ع ¸ ϸ, ϴ ߴ. Ǹ Ҽ ټ Կ 츮 ̰, ں ֹ Ű ̸, н ΰ ϰ ƿ ڴ ̴ δ缺 ߴ.
Ϻ ۽ ҽ ̱ Ӱ ó ϸ ѹݵ ڿ Ǹ 긮 ١ ڿ ҷ ߴ(ǥ, ̽¸ ѹܱ̿). ݰǴ ööϿ ع ֵ ڵ ݷ ١(ۿ 翡 塯) ߰, ̱ε鿡 ؼ ǿ £ ־ ߸̶ ʴ´١ ư()ߴ. ҷÿ °ߴ ̱ ɰ̳ ̱ ο .
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[ ..... ̵ְ .... ϴ ٽ Ͽ ϰ Ǹ 긲 츮 ƴѰ ......
.... .... ϴ ........
..... 3碥 ֿ ް ֽϱ .... ........ ]
[ ..... ̳, ѹα ܸ ϰ ġϿ θ ......
..... ̴, ̴ ϴ ϴ ڰ ܼ ܼϴ 츮 п, 븳 ....... ]
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ӽ ̲ ڵ鿡 ʹ ο ڵ ƹ ͵ Ҿ Բ ٴ Ȯ ų ־.
(; , 2002.8.5, 33) ִ. ο̴.
̳, ѹα ܸ ϰ ġϿ θ Ǿ 츮 ߿ ̴, ̴ ϴ ϴ ڰ ܼ ܼϴ 츮 п, 븳 Ǿ.
ӽ ߿ Ǵ, Ǵ Ͽ õǾ. Ѹ ̵() θ¢ ̿ Ͽ ̽¸(ع) ũø Ͽ ȸ ǰ ġ ϰ 븳 浹 Ⱬ øϿ.
ϸ, ȸǿ þƿ ǥ (), Ȱ(), () ӸϿǸ, տ ̵ִ ɺ úƸ Ͽ ǥϿ. ̵ִ ȭ μ ػ Ŀ ػ(ũ) dzʰ ̸ () ༼ ϵ ִ.
Ϸ ̵ְ 꺸ϱ⸦ ûϱ , ڱ⸦ ʹ ϱ Ͽ 湫 Ѹ ȣϴ å ִİ .
, ƴ϶, ̶ Ǹ 긮 , 츮 ϰ ִ Ұϴ ̴ ϴ ٽ Ͽ ϰ Ǹ 긲 츮 ƴѰ, (ƿ̶ ̴ ̵ְ ϵ鿡 ) ϴ ϰ ̾.
̿ Ͽ , 츮 ϴ 3碥 ֿ ް ֽϱ ϰ ݹϿ. , Ѵ. , 츮 츮 ѹ ̿, 3 ɿ Ǵ ϴ ̴ 츮 ӽ 忡 ݵǿ. Ѹ ̷ Ͻ Ұ(ʦ) , Ͻñ⸦ ǰϿ Ͽ ̵ִ Ҹ ư.
Ѹ þ ȿ 츮 ǥ Ͽ ũ ο Ǿ, ö 忡 ±ر⸦ θ ũ ȯϿ.
ũٿ Ͽ þ ְ ģ . ڱ ʿϳ ϰ Կ 200 ̶ , Ϻ ϴ 200 ϰڴ° ϰ ݹϹǷ ʹ θ ȸϸ鼭 ̱ ִ ڱ ϴ ŭ̸ ȴٰ Ͽ. , ϴ 翬ϴ ϰ ܱο Ͽ 200 ѱ ӽο ϰ ϴ ߿ 1 40 ũٸ .
̵ִ ٴ ⺰ ˸ ƴϰ ̿, ڱ ɺ 踳(ء) úƷ ӽο ʰ ڱ տ Ͽ, 踳 ־ 켱 ڱ Ͽ ϰ żϰ ؿ ƿͼ ڸ ø ̰ ȣȭӰ Ȱ Ͽ. ӽο ̵ֿ ˸ ״ Ѹ ϰ þƷ Ͽ ȴ.
ٽ ũٷ Ͽ ڱ̶ Īϰ 20 ؿ ƿ 鿡Դ ѷ δǥȸ Ͽ. 絵 ϳ ǰ ķ ϳ ̵ָ ϴ Ŀ, Ⱥ(ܼ) θ ϴ ũĿ, ° Ϻ ϴ л Ǿ ȭ() ؿ() (ML)Ŀ. ؿ ̹Ͽ ֿ ͷ ȰϿ.
־ ܿ δ (Х)(Х) ڸ(٥) , õ Ȱϴ ƳŰƮ() ̾.
20 ؿ ֵ δȸ ⵿ȸ ̾. Ϻ, , ߱, Ʒ ó ü ǥ, ü ǥ ϴ Ī 200 ǥ . ߿ ũ, ٸ ǥ Ѱ Ͽ ũĴ â, Ĵ Ͽ.
â̶ ִ θ ؼϰ θ ڴ ̿, ̶ θ ׳ ΰ ϴ ̾. Ĵ ϸ ο Ǿ δǥȸ ʰ пǰ Ұ, ̿ âĿ ѱ âϿ ܹ Խ(Х) Ǿ ѱ ػ þƿ ǰϿ, ũٰ ƺ ƴϹǷ Է(ͪ)Ͽ Ҵ.
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[ ]
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٤̶, װ ״´, װ ̱ ٰ ϴ ں... 䱸 Ѵ١ εŹ(2000 12 22ڡ () 롹 .
ΰ ΰ, ۿ .
...................................................................................................................................
1948.2.
[ ....... Ģ θ ´ ΰ.
̹ ڿ ƴ϶ Ǿ ־. ........ ]
.................................................................................................
κ , ¿ 뵿û ۸ ϶ .
츮 ٤ ϱ ִ Ѿ. 翡 ǿ ħϿ .
Բ Ͽ 縯 õ ӿ ִٰ üǾ. ¡ 8 ް õҿ 625 ¾Ҵ١
27 43 ֵ , 514 ߴߴ. 1019 14뿡 õݶ Ͼ.
Ģ θ ´ ΰ.
̹ ڿ ƴ϶ Ǿ ־. ̿ ϴ ı ѷŸư Ƿ ٽ Ǽϸ ȴٴ ų ١
.......................................................................................................................
1926.4.
[ ...... 츮 ϴ Ͻɸ ......
..... 츮 Ͽ, 뷮Ͻ Ŀ ǹ ٥Ͽ ........ ]
..........................................................................................................
̻ ӻ翡 õ (Ź), ߲, , , (), , ܼ, , 9 õϿ 1010ϰ 12 ӽ Ǿ.11)
̻ õ 9 ؿ ִ ̿ܿ ñ ǥ 嵶 ü Ǻο ݤ ݤ ڵ̾. Ź Ǻ ߾ȸ ̾, 赿, , ߾̸鼭 ܹ, , ϰ ־.12) û긮 ߴ ȯ, õ 1925 3 ϸ Źκ ε̾. ȯ ߾μ ѻɰ ܱ ϰ ־. õ ο شϴ ̾.13) ѵ, ȸ, ݤ Ͽ Ȱߴ ̶ зϰ Ȱϴ Ǻ ̾.14)
ع
̷ μ ڵ Ǹ ļ ƴϾ. Ͽ ӵ ϰ ƹ ʾҴ. ӵ Ǻ ε ߾ȸ 4 ذ Ȳ ̻ ɿ Ϳ ݹ ̾.
Źκ ε ź Ȯ ־. ı Ϸ ġ ʰ ־. Źκ ε 1921 ̷ Ͽ ع Ǿ ־ ̴.15)
Źκ â 1ֳ Ǵ 1926 415ڷ Źκ ߾ Ұ , (ڼ) ع ε ˳ ִ.
ؿ Ͻ 츮 Ϲ ϴ ٿܴ. Ŀ ϸ Ͽ쿡 Ű ٴϴ ۳ 3濡 , ݤ, ݥӥ, Լءӥ ü ϸ ֹδǥ Բ ȸ ˼ Źκθ ̷ 1 ǽϰ ִ , Ǿ Ȯ ־ ̿, ̰ν ⺻̶ Ͽ.
31 ķ ӽδ 츮 ְ Ǿ 뵿 ġ ʰ ϸ ϱ Ұϴٰ ϴ , ټ ° ƴ ƴϿ, ñ Ͼ å ū ̸, 췯 ٶǴ ϴ (dz) ڵ ⸦ 츮 Ϸ Ͻó̱.
خ(Ȳ) 鼭 츮 ϴ Ͻɸ ϰŴ ߿ ϴ 츮 θ ź ýô. 츮 õ̹Ƿ 츮 Ͽ, 뷮Ͻ Ŀ ǹ ٥Ͽ 츮 Ͻ ٶ̴.16)
ع ӽ ź 1 µ ұϰ ع ӽô ϰ ִ ָȴ. 鼭 ̵ ı ؼ ϰ ǹ 1) , 2) ܱ, 3) غ, 4) ع ϰ ִ. ̷ Ͽ ̻ ۾ з ư, ̻ ߴϿ ο θ Ű ߴ ı ߴ.
.....................................................................................................................
(45) ѱ - ع
Ү 2 Ǵ
1933 ũ
[ ..... ̱ Ͽ .......
...... 氡 Ͽ Ҵµ ̷ ״ ִ ....... ]
......................................................................................................
̽¸ ġ̳ Ϲǡ 4 20 ῡ Ϲ Ű ̶ ߾ӹ۱ Ͽ ǥǾ. δ ̽¸ Ϲǰ ̷ Ǿ ش.
Ұ ϰ Ǹ Ű ڴ ⸦ ̴, Դϴ. Ǵ õ α ڴ Ƕ ε, ǰ þƿ ũ þ ()ô뿡 ġ 迡 Ͽ ̹Ƿ Ǹ (Vladimir I. Lenin) Ǿ þ Ȳ 迡 Ȥ 縦 ̷ Դϴ.
̽¸ ڽ ũٿ ߴ 鼭 ҷ ǻ ü ߴ. 1933 ȸǰ ٿ ̽¸ ú ڵ ũٱ ٰ Ա źδߴ տ ٿ (ء2006 8ȣ, ɿ üī ).
ũ 湮 ֤ ǻ
ε ι(ݣ) Ÿؾ , ڴ İ Ѿ , ־ , 뵿ڴ ؾ , ָ ڸϿ , ̷ а 迡 ϰ ƴ Ǿ, ΰ 밡 Ѹ ڰ Ǿ, ϱ⸦ þư ΰϰ 鼺 dzϰ ִ ض ŭ Դϴ.
þ ϰ йڹ ι ̴, 13 ũٿ 繫 濡 ͼ ϱ⸦ Ŵ ȭ 8 ϴ ϸ ڱ ̱ Ͽ ûϴ ,
̱ ó ƹ ٶ ִٰ þ Ѿ ڿ μ ϱ⸦ þ ִ ٰ 氡 Ͽ Ҵµ ̷ ״ ִ ϴ, ̰ ڶϴ þ ض Դϴ.
μǰ 뿹 ǰų ο ֱ ǰų ΰ ؾ߸ ̴, ̿ܿ ٸ Դϴ.
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